Larvae lack mouths, eyes and guts and are so fragile that colliding with an air bubble could kill them.Ī key challenge has been figuring out what to feed young saltwater fish. Pelagic fish spawn and then abandon their young. That is because farmers have had much more limited success in breeding pelagic fish, which account for 90 percent of all tropical species. Yet almost all of the other 1,500 or more species of tropical fish sold in stores are caught live in the ocean. These days, Hansen says, clown fish account for about 80 percent of all tropical fish sales.
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Hobbyists have been breeding clown fish by trial and error for decades. Demersal larvae also emerge as fully formed miniature fish, making them relatively self-sufficient. Like most demersal fish-those that spawn on hard surfaces-parents stick around to care for their young. Luckily, clown fish are among the few tropical fish that breed in captivity. Retailers are preparing for another sales spike this fall, when Finding Nemo 3-D will be released. But clown fish sales at the world's largest fish hatchery- Ocean, Reefs & Aquariums in Fort Pierce, Fla.-jumped 40 percent. No one thought to measure the change in the number of wild-caught fish, Rhyne says.
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"Every kid wanted a Nemo and Dory in their fish tank," recalls Andrew Rhyne, a marine biologist at Roger Williams University in Bristol, R.I.
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The demand for tropical fish soared in 2004, when Finding Nemo-an animated movie about father and son clown fish, Marlin and Nemo-prompted a buying frenzy.
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"It's an overlooked industry," says Frank Baensch, a tropical fish farmer in Honolulu, adding that "If I wanted to, I could bring in species on the Red List and nobody would know." Estimates suggest that 70 to 90 percent of captured fish die before they ever reach a tank, and more perish within their first six months in captivity. imports about 11 million of the fish annually, out of 20 million sold globally. Tropical fish sales are estimated at $200 million to $300 million a year worldwide. But breeding saltwater fish in an industrial aquaculture facility requires re-creating the coral reef ecosystem, a technology that is just moving out of its infancy. Why not breed the saltwater fish on farms everywhere? Most fish in freshwater tanks-which are much more common, less expensive and easier to maintain-are indeed farm-raised. But they're killing the coral reefs," says Søren Hansen a co-founder of Sea and Reef Aquaculture, LLC, in Franklin, Me., one of only a handful of tropical fish farmers in the U.S. They want to keep a slice of it in their living room. "What I find ironic is that people love the ocean. The potent nerve toxin causes the fish to float up out of the reefs so they can be easily scooped up, but it can also injure or kill them as well as trigger coral bleaching. Most tropical fish sold in pet stores come from reefs in Indonesia and the Philippines, where fishermen stun the colorful dwellers with squirts of sodium cyanide.
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But what's good for humans may be bad for the sea. They even lower stress levels prior to medical procedures and encourage Alzheimer's patients to eat sufficiently. Tropical fish tanks in restaurants, hospitals and homes evoke feelings of tranquility and beauty.